C++

Author: Bjarne Stroustrup Supported programming paradigms: procedural, object-oriented, generic. Based on on the C programming language. OOP in C++ was inspired by the Simula64 programming language. All C programs are valid C++ programs. The name of the C++ programming language is related to the incremental operator "++". How to create a C++ program: compiling to object files, linking object files to an executable version of the program.

Introduction

Functions

C++ program consists of functions. Function consists of statements. Each statement must end with the semicolon character.

Prototype vs implementation.

Function main()

Function main() is the entrypoint of an C++ application.

Variants:

• int main() {return 0;}
• void main() {return 0;}
• void main(void) {return 0;}
• int main(void) {return 0;}

Console

How to delay program and wait for the press of the key Enter: cin.get();

Printing text to console: cout << "some text"; //operator overloading: <<

Reading text from console: cin >> carrots;

How to print end line: "\n" or std::endl

Comments

One line: // comment

Multi line: /* comment */

Preprocessor directives

#include <iostream>

Includes file iostream

#define INT_MAX 32767

Replaces all INT_MAX occurences by 32767

Importing namespaces

using namespace std;

using std::count;

C++ statement

Each C++ statement must be ended with the semicolon character ;

Declaration (statement type)

This allocates memory.

Example: int carrots;

Assignment (statement type)

Example: carrots = 15;

Initialization (statement type)

int carrots = 15;

//or

int carrots (15);

Key words

return, void, int, const

And others

Variable

Variable is named location in the memory with its type definition.

You can get the location in the memory with the & operator.

Data types

Void

Empty set of values, cannot be used as the type of variable.

Integral

short: at least 16 bits

int: at least the same size as short (since -32768 until 32 767)

long: at least 32 bits, at least the same size as int

long long (since C++ 99): at least 64 bits, at least the same size as long

unsigned: unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long, unsigned long long

Octal: starts with 0

Hexadecimal: starts with 0x or 0X

char

wchar_t

bool

Class

Class is user defined type